Concrete embodies the modernist ideology of development, which remains a part of nearly every architectural project today. Architects and engineers have been drawn to concrete for its structural as well as aesthetic qualities, and yet, most of its use boils down to simple efficiency and relatively low cost.

The raw materials for concrete are sourced globally, its production is scalable, and its casting and usage are universally replicable. This has shaped our modern construction (mono)culture, as well as the scope of spaces we create.

Where is the line between genuine development and pointless construction? How to use concrete reasonably rather than wastefully? In what form should concrete figure in contemporary architecture?

MAJA is a quarterly architectural review and spatial culture magazine in Estonia. Established in 1994, it provides an English and Estonian platform for architects, urban planners, and designers to analyze spatial design, architecture, and environmental issues.

2025, MTÜ Arhitektuurikirjastus, 285x215mm, 104 pp., Estonian/English, ISSN 9771023074415